Understanding the Different Forms of ADHD

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is one of the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental conditions. However, it doesn't look the same in everyone. There are three distinct types of ADHD, each with its own set of symptoms and challenges.

• Hyperactive/impulsive

• Inattentive

• Combined

Most people exhibit symptoms from more than one type; however, the most dominant symptoms will determine which form you have. 

In this article, we will explain the different types of ADHD, how they’re diagnosed, and what signs to look out for. To effectively manage ADHD, it is crucial to understand its different forms and how they manifest in individuals.

Hyperactive/impulsive type 

Those with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD exhibit excessive movement, restlessness, and impulsivity. While some inattention may be present, it is the hyperactivity and impulsivity that dominate. Signs may include:

• Constant fidgeting or tapping

• Talking excessively or interrupting conversations

• Difficulty staying seated or engaged in quiet activities

• Acting without thinking or considering consequences

• Impatience and difficulty waiting for their turn

This type is more frequently diagnosed in boys, and it is often noticed earlier due to behavioural disruptions at school.

Inattentive type 

This form of ADHD is marked by difficulty sustaining attention, staying organised, or completing tasks. People with this type may appear forgetful, easily distracted, or daydreamy. Common signs include:

• Losing focus or interest in tasks quickly

• Struggling to follow instructions

• Frequently losing items like keys or school supplies

• Difficulty organising tasks and activities

• Appearing not to listen even when spoken to directly

Inattentive-type ADHD is often underdiagnosed, particularly in girls, who may be perceived as quiet or withdrawn rather than disruptive.

Combined type  

The combined type of ADHD involves a mix of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. It is the most common form of ADHD.

Because ADHD symptoms can change over time, the dominant type may shift as individuals age. For example, a child with combined type may experience fewer hyperactive behaviours as they enter adulthood, leading to a presentation that appears more inattentive.

Diagnosing ADHD

Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive assessment that includes behavioural evaluations, family history, and standardised rating scales. Several tools and forms are used to assess ADHD symptoms in children and adults. Diagnosis is typically made through:

• A thorough clinical interview

• Behavioural questionnaires and rating scales

• Observations from parents, teachers, or partners

• Exclusion of other conditions that may mimic ADHD symptoms

Importantly, to receive a diagnosis, symptoms must cause significant functional impairment in two or more settings, such as at home, school, or work.

ADHD Rating Scales

ADHD rating scales are standardised questionnaires used to assess the severity and frequency of symptoms. These scales are often used in conjunction with clinical interviews to provide a more complete picture of an individual's condition.

Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)

The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) is a widely used tool for assessing ADHD symptoms in adults. It consists of a series of questions that help identify the presence and severity of ADHD symptoms. For example:” How often do you feel restless or fidgety?” The ASRS Test and scoring provide valuable insights into how symptoms impact daily functioning.

ADHD Assessment Forms

Several ADHD assessment forms and checklists are available for both children and adults. These forms help clinicians gather information about the individual's symptoms and their impact on daily life. Examples include the ADHD checklist for children, the childhood ADHD checklist, and the ADHD assessment form for adults.

Treatment and Management of ADHD

While there is no cure for ADHD, various treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These include medication, behavioural therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Medication

Medications such as stimulants and non-stimulants are commonly prescribed to help manage ADHD symptoms. They work by balancing neurotransmitters in the brain, which can improve focus and reduce impulsivity.

Behavioral Therapy

Behavioural therapy focuses on modifying negative behaviour patterns and developing coping strategies. It can be particularly effective for children and adults with ADHD, helping them develop skills to manage their symptoms.

Lifestyle Changes

Incorporating regular exercise, a healthy diet, and proper sleep can significantly impact the management of ADHD symptoms. Mindfulness practices and stress-reduction techniques may also be beneficial

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Conclusion

ADHD is typically categorised into three main types: inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Each type presents differently and affects daily life in unique ways, and can also change over time, so treatment plans may need periodic review and adjustment. By utilising standardised assessment tools like the ASRS and ADHD checklists, individuals and clinicians can gain valuable insights into the disorder and tailor treatment plans accordingly.